Deontology is defined as

• A. The morality of action is based on outcomes.
• B. The morality of action is based on duty, rules, or obligations.
• C. The morality of action is based on happiness.
• D. The morality of action is determined by cultural norms.

Answer: (B)

Deontology centers on duties and rules. It says that what makes an action morally right is whether it follows a duty or obligation, regardless of the consequences. This contrasts with outcomes-based ethics, where the rightness of an act depends on the results it produces. It also differs from happiness-based theories, which tie morality to pleasure or well-being, and from cultural norms-based theories, which ground morality in what a society dictates. A classic illustration is telling the truth: a deontologist argues you should tell the truth because it’s your duty, even if lying might lead to a better outcome.