Under IT ethics, when may an IT professional refuse to follow an employer's order?

• A. Only if the order is illegal or unethical.
• B. Only if the order benefits the employee.
• C. Never, loyalty is absolute.
• D. If the order contradicts personal beliefs.

Answer: (A)

The main idea here is that IT professionals may refuse an employer’s order when it would involve illegal activity or clearly unethical conduct. This duty protects the public, users, and the integrity of the profession. If an order would break the law or violate fundamental ethics—such as gaining unauthorized access to data, exposing others to harm, or compromising privacy—the appropriate action is to refuse and seek guidance through proper channels, like discussing the concern with a supervisor and, if needed, escalating to compliance or ethics hotlines. Requests driven by personal gain or a notion of loyalty without exception conflict with professional responsibilities and undermine trust. Personal beliefs can be relevant, but they do not automatically override legal and ethical duties; when a clash arises, raise the concerns and seek a solution rather than simply following a questionable order.